2005年以来青海湖水位持续回升的原因分析

地处干旱-半干旱过渡带的青海湖现代和历史时期生态环境变化一直受到关注,特别是2005年以来水位和湖面的逆转回升促使我们重新审视全球变暖情形下我国北方气候和环境的变化及其趋势。本文利用高分辨率的河水化学、（次）降水量和径流量等数据,探讨了2005年以来青海湖湖水的来源和水位持续回升的原因。结果表明,1959年以来青海湖水位的变化与降水量和径流量紧密相关;近些年的持续回升则主要取决于全球增暖情形下区域夏季降水强度和降水量的同时增加,地表径流和/或地下水补给起着一定作用,而冰川融水的贡献则十分有限。我们认为2005年以来青海湖水位持续回升是全球增暖情形下区域降雨模式的改变、降水量和径流量增加,以及流域植被生态改善的综合效应。     

Temporal and spatial changes in nutrients and chlorophyll-a in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China: An 11-year investigation

Temporal and spatial changes of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China, were investigated using monthly monitoring data from 2001 through 2011. The results showed that the annual mean concentration ranges of TN, TP, and Chl-a were 0.08-14.60 mg/L, 0.02-1.08 mg/L, and 0.10-465.90 μg/L, respectively. Our data showed that Lake Chaohu was highly eutrophic and that water quality showed no substantial improvement during 2001 through 2011. The mean concentrations of TP, TN and Chl-a in the western lake were significantly higher than in the eastern lake, which indicates a spatial distribution of the three water parameters. The annual mean ratio of TN:TP by weight ranged from 10 to 20, indicating that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in this lake. A similar seasonality variation for TP and Chl-a was observed. Riverine TP and NH₄⁺ loading from eight major tributaries were in the range of 1.56×10⁴-5.47×10⁴ and 0.19×10⁴-0.51×10⁴ tons/yr over 2002-2011, respectively, and exceeded the water environmental capability of the two nutrients in the lake by a factor of 3-6. Thus reduction of nutrient loading in the sub-watershed and tributaries would be essential for the restoration of Lake Chaohu.     

Influence of Chironomid Larvae on oxygen and nitrogen fluxes across the sediment-water interface (Lake Taihu, China)

The microscale distribution of oxygen,the nitrogen flux and the denitrification rates in sediment inhabited by chironomid larvae(Tanypus chinensis) were measured in eutrophic Lake Taihu,China.The presence of the chironomids in the sediment increased the oxygen diffusional flux from 10.4 ± 1.4 to 12.7 ± 2.5 mmol O 2 /(m 2 ·day).The burrows of the larvae represented "hot spots" and strongly influenced the nitrogen cycles and diagenetic activity in the sediment.The results indicate that the bioturbation effects of Tanypus chinensis chironomid larvae increased the capacity of the sediment as a sink for nitrate and a source for ammonium.Nitrate influx and ammonium outflux were increased 8.8 and 1.7 times,respectively.Under bioturbation,the amount of nitrate consumed was greater than the amount of ammonium released.The total denitrification rate was also enhanced from 0.76 ± 0.34 to 5.50 ± 1.30 mmol N/(m 2 ·day).The net effect was that the bioturbated sediments acted as a net sink for inorganic nitrogen under direct and indirect bioturbation effects compared to the control.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu I: Chemical forms and their transformation

Organic phosphorus(nonreactive P,NRP)is a major component of P in sediments,but information about its chemical forms and dynamic transformation is limited.The chemical forms and dynamic behaviors of NRP in a sediment profile from Lake Taihu,a freshwater and eutrophic lake in China,were investigated.Five forms of NRP in the sediments were extracted based on a chemical fractionation technique,including easily labile NRP(NaHCO3-NRP),reactive metal oxide-bound NRP(HCl-NRP),humic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPHA),fulvic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPFA)and residual NRP(Res-TP).There were notable transformations with increasing sediment depth from the labile NaHCO3-NRP and NaOH-NRP pools to the recalcitrant HCl-NRP and Res-TP pools,which caused the NRP to become increasingly recalcitrant as the early diagenetic processes proceeded.Further analyses showed that the relative changes in contents of organic matter and reactive Fe oxides in the sediment profile triggered a competition for binding NRP fractions and led to the transformation of NRP.The results highlighted the importance of abiotic processes in regulating the diagenesis of organic P and its stability in sediments.     

太湖竺山湾沉积物重金属形态分析及风险评价

采用BCR 3步连续提取法研究了太湖竺山湾沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb在垂直方向上不同形态的分布特征,并利用人类活动系数和重金属形态评价方法对其进行潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,重金属总量大小为:Zn>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cu>Cd,表层沉积物表现出明显的富集效应;重金属总量和可提取态的含量均有从表层至下层逐渐降低的趋势;河流入湖口处5 cm的沉积物重金属总量和可提取态含量显著高于其他区域;AF富集系数评价显示,除Cr外,其余重金属在沉积物中表现出明显出明显的富集效应,特别是Cd和Pb;RSP生态风险评价表明,表层5 cm沉积物生态风险最高,特别是Cd;Cd元素在表层15 cm的沉积物属于重度污染;Zn的表层10 cm属于重度污染;重金属Ni、Cu和Pb在表层5 cm沉积物中基本介于中度污染和重度污染之间,在5～10 cm介于轻度污染和中度污染之间。     

滇池PAHs的沉积记录、来源及其生态风险评估

采用GC/MS方法分析了滇池沉积柱中16种美国EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源变化及生态风险进行了分析和评估.研究表明:滇池沉积柱中PAHs的含量范围为558～6418 ng·g-1,并在20世纪90年代初达到峰值,这明显不同于发达国家的同类研究,也与国内沿海地区和偏远湖泊的相关研究有所不同.滇池沉积物中的PAHs主要来自当地的家庭燃煤、木材和生物秸秆等的低温燃烧过程,但工业燃煤和机动车尾气等高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs的相对含量近年来有明显增加的趋势.风险评估结果显示,滇池中上层沉积物中的PAHs可能存在潜在的生态风险,而这些生态风险主要来自低环数的NAP、FLU、PHEN和高环数的BbF、BaP、DBA等.     

几种水环境质量评价方法在青海湖入湖河流中的应用

从众多的水环境质量评价方法中,选取代表性的指数评价法、灰色评价法、层次分析法和模糊数学法进行介绍,然后运用这些方法对青海湖入湖河流2010年监测数据进行评价。经过对比分析评价结果发现,本次评价研究中单因子评价法过于悲观,水质综合污染指数法具有不可比性,模糊数学法具有不准确性。四种水环境质量评价方法中,灰色评价法和层次分析法是最适合该流域的评价方法,指数评价法和模糊数学法可以作为其必要的补充。     

南四湖内源氮磷释放的对比研究

采用柱状沉积物采样器和Peeper间隙水采集器分别于2011年8月获取南四湖不同湖区原位柱状沉积物和间隙水,通过原柱样静态释放实验及间隙水分子扩散模型对其氮磷释放规律进行了研究.结果表明,南四湖不同湖区夏季氮磷界面交换速率差异显著,静态释放实验沉积物NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放速率分别为3.1～10.3 mg·m-2· d-1和0.3～2.7mg·m-2· d-1,总体呈北高南低的趋势,南阳湖明显大于其他各湖区,这与其距离济宁市区较近,沉积物受污染较重有关.Peeper法与离心法分别获取不同湖区间隙水,利用分子扩散模型计算出NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放速率分别为3.69～4.51 mg·m--2·d-1、0.24 ～0.66 mg·m-2·d-1和2.54～4.16 mg·m-2·d-1、0.04～0.51 mg·m-2·d-1,同一采样点,Peeper法计算出释放速率比传统离心法高出约20％.通过静态释放实验获得的NH4+-N和PO43--P释放速率(R)在空间分布上与间隙水分子扩散模型计算出的结果相一致,但前者明显大于后者,将其进行比较,氮和磷的R/F值分别为0.84 ～2.64和2.03 ～13.79,表明原柱样静态模拟实验进行内源释放速率估算时,可能比分子扩散模型法计算的结果更接近于实际情况.     

中国太湖流域(江苏南部)人群复合污染经口途径暴露风险评估

对太湖流域(江苏南部)无锡、常州、镇江3市经口介质(地下水、土壤、农作物共389个样品)中Cu、Pb、Cd等8种重金属和有机污染物DDTs的污染状况进行实验室分析,运用US EPA推荐的暴露风险评估模型,对研究区人群进行了暴露参数实测,考虑中国居民膳食习惯,对太湖流域居民经口途径的暴露风险进行评估.研究结果表明:太湖流域重金属、有机污染物污染较严重;传统方式估算的太湖流域人群经口暴露风险,男性总暴露风险为9.07 × 10-3,女性为1.00×10-2;考虑综合处理因素的流域人群经口暴露风险,男性为3.94×10-3,女性为4.35×10-3.食物源经口介质采用传统方式估算的暴露风险值和经综合处理后的暴露风险值均高于可接受暴露风险水平,致癌风险明显高于非致癌风险,Cd的致癌风险对暴露风险值贡献率最大,其次为Pb.     

杞麓湖南岸农业生产分析及最佳农业生产模式选择

通过调查,对杞麓湖南岸的农业结构、化肥使用量和农业生产经济进行分析,针对杞麓湖南岸区蔬菜种植属于典型的"高投入、高产出",但产投比相对较低的农业生产模式,提出杞麓湖南岸农业生产模式优化方案,为杞麓湖面源污染的治理提供依据。